![]() In December 1942, Himmler ordered the deportation of all Roma from the so-called Greater German Reich. Local police used these complaints to appeal officially to Reichsführer-SS (SS chief) Heinrich Himmler for the resumption of deportations of Roma to the east. Local Germans repeatedly complained about the camps, demanding the deportation of the Roma interned there in order to "safeguard” public morals, public health, and security. Hundreds of Roma died as a result of the horrendous conditions. Marzahn in Berlin along with Lackenbach and Salzburg in Austria were among the worst of these camps. With the suspension of deportations of Roma in 1940, these facilities became long-term holding pens. Intending to deport Roma from the so-called Greater German Reich in the near future, German authorities confined all Roma in so-called Gypsy camps ( Zigeunerlager). There, the SS and police murdered the Roma in gas vans using carbon monoxide. German SS and police officials sent those who survived these dreadful conditions to the killing center at Chelmno in the first months of 1942. Hundreds of Roma died in a typhus epidemic within the first months of their arrival, due to lack of adequate food, fuel, shelter, and medicines. In the autumn of 1941, German police authorities deported 5,007 Roma from Austria to the ghetto for Jews in Lodz, where they were housed in an apartment block in a segregated section. It is likely that the SS murdered those who were still alive in the gas chamber of Belzec, Sobibor, or Treblinka. ![]() The conditions under which they had to live and work proved to be lethal to many of them. SS and police authorities incarcerated them in forced-labor camps. In May 1940, the SS and police deported approximately 2,500 Roma from the Rhineland and Württemberg in western Germany, as well as from Hamburg, Bremen, and the surrounding northwestern regions, to the Lublin District in the General Government. German authorities did deport some Roma from the Greater German Reich to occupied Poland in 19. Governor General Hans Frank, the top civilian occupation official in the General Government, foiled this plan when he refused to accept large numbers of Roma and Jews into the General Government in the spring of 1940. With German victory in the invasion of Poland assured, he intended to deport 30,000 German and Austrian Roma from the Greater German Reich to the General Government, the part of German-occupied Poland not annexed directly to Germany. On September 21, 1939, Reinhard Heydrich, head of the Reich Security Main Office, met with Security Police (Sipo) and Security Service (SD) officials in Berlin. The crimes committed against Roma remained unacknowledged all over Europe in the first decades after World War II. Both in the so-called Greater German Reich and in the so-called General Government ( Generalgouvernement), German civilian authorities managed several forced-labor camps in which they incarcerated Roma. In Germany and German-occupied territories, the SS and police incarcerated Roma in the Bergen-Belsen, Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, Dachau, Mauthausen, Mittelbau-Dora, Natzweiler-Struthof, Gross-Rosen, and Ravensbrück concentration camps. German authorities murdered tens of thousands of Roma in the German-occupied territories of the Soviet Union and Serbia and thousands more in the killing centers at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka. ĭrawing support from many non-Nazi Germans who harbored social prejudice towards Roma, the Nazis judged Roma to be "racially inferior." Under the Nazi regime, German authorities subjected Roma to arbitrary internment, sterilization, forced labor in concentration camps, deportation, and mass murder. Roma are pejoratively referred to as Zigeuner in German and as “Gypsies” in English. ![]() Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies) Roma were among the groups that the Nazi regime (1933–1945) and its partner regimes singled out for persecution and murder before and during World War II. ![]()
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